Qantas Case Study Essay Example for Free

Qantas Case Study Essay It is the world’s second oldest airline, and has a successful history to uphold. Over the next 5 years Qantas aims to hedge fuel prices and use more efficient aircraft to limit further fuel costs improve employee/employer relationships by reducing the number of employment relations disputes and retain corporate market share by enhancing facilities and lounges to appeal to corporate travellers. Change management is viewed by   Alan Joyce as a critical component Reasons for current business planning What were the critical factors that led to Qantas’ decision to move some of their operations off shore? 3 2. What then happened once the decision was made4 – What change management processes needed to have taken place? 4 Were the change management processes well managed? 4 What could they have done better to counteract the disgruntled union and workers? 4 3. Where is Qantas now in its competitive positioning both locally and internationally?

Romeos cousin Essay Example for Free

Romeos cousin Essay In the ending of the prologue, violent scenes are rapidly shown. During one of the clips, a helicopter flies over Verona giving us very quick views of the city below. This creates a shaky image of the city. The audience experience a feeling of being on board the helicopter looking down. As the montage progresses to the end, the operatic music playing in the background becomes louder until it reaches a climax. Baz Luhrmann has compressed many section of the film in a short space of time. In one of the clips, we also see a little choirboy singing, and then a shot of Juliet as she unveils, dressed in white wedding dress in a church. This little boy signifies innocence and the church suggest religious setting as well as the little boy. The noisy, riotous gunfire creates a picture of a city in chaos. Police officers armed with guns and fire around the area gives us the impression that Verona is not safe and there is a lot of violence. The fire symbolises anger and hatred, a theme that runs through the Romeo and Juliet play. In one of the scenes, as the choirboy opens his mouth to sing, a clip of someone shooting a gun is shown. Baz Luhrmann puts these images together to create a feeling of the choirboy being shot. As the prologue ends there is a large cross icon in red with white stripes, which becomes smaller and the text Romeo and Juliet is shown. The cross replaces the word and in the text. The red colour of the cross symbolises death. Baz Luhrmann has made the prologue exciting by the use of the images, sounds and editing techniques. The images in the prologue are like a trailer of what will happen in the film. (Baz Luhrmann knows that teenagers have a short attention span, so he sets the pace of the prologue at a high speed with excitement. This is another way he gets the appeal of the younger audience). After the prologue has finished Baz Luhrmann uses a range of camera shots to draw the attention of the audience and to get the audience involved. The most effective of all the shots are the point of view and extreme close up shots. Baz Luhrmann uses the extreme close up shot when he is showing the family arms on the guns, he uses this type of shot because with the extreme close up you could see the difference between the two arms, the Capulets arm is gold, red and black where as the Montagues arm is silver, blue and black these colour differences represent the differences in the families. He also uses the extreme close up when he shows Tyblots (Juliets cousin) and Benvolios (Romeos cousin) eyes usually this is used when there is a shootout about to happen therefore Baz Luhrmann is foreshowing that there is going to be a shootout which does happen, furthermore he uses this shot to show the expressions on their faces Tybolt looks confident but Benvolio looks shaken. To get the audience involved with the movie he uses the point of view shot. It is used when two of the Montague boys try to escape the shootout and Tyblot sees them and takes aim, as Tyblot is taking aim it seems like we are taking aim. Finally, Baz Luhrmann also uses the zoom in shot to show how he has transformed the movie, sword in to guns, he does this by zooming in to Benvolios guns as he aiming for Abra and the printing on hes gun says Sword 9 mm Series S. The director doesnt only use the colours of the family arms to shows the difference in the families, he also uses costumes. As the prologue ends it shows the Montague boys in the car, the boys are all wearing Hawaiian shirts which are undone, (this relates with young boys lives) the Hawaiian shirts represent fun and shows that the Monatuges are lively and immature. When the Montague boys get to the fuel station minutes later the Capulets come, the Capultes are wearing black suits this shows that they are serious and mature. This shows that Baz Luhrmann makes the Montagues immature and lively but does the opposite for the Capulets, mature and serious. In conclusion, Baz Luhrmann has made a mind-blowing, hair gripping, exciting movie and has transformed every part of this play in to a movie, except one the concept of marriage. He had changed swords to guns, the Prince to a cop. It was acceptable for people to get married at a young age in Shakespeares time, because of the low life expectancy. But since we have high life expectancy we intend to get married between the ages of 20-40 years old, yet Baz Luhrmann fails to show this. Baz Luhrmann also fails to appeal to a wider audience since his main target audience is teenagers.

Analyzing The Organisational And Business Environments

Analyzing The Organisational And Business Environments What is the Organisational Environment or Business Environment? In my point of view, a business is an organization that provides goods and services to others who want or need them. And the Environment is defined as the surroundings of the organisation, such as Social, Legal, Economical, Political or Institutional that are beyond the control of the organization and affect the organizations functioning. There are two major components of business environment: Internal Environment: Man, Material, Money, Machinery and Management. These factors are usually under are controlled and affected by the business. The business can cause changes to these factors followed by the change in function dividing in the company. External Environment: Government, Legal, Geo-Physical, Political, Socio-Cultural, Demo-Graphical factors, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ these factors are beyond the control of company. After this subject, I hope that, I will know deeply how to analyze and evaluate the relationship between the organization and its environment, and the environment impacts on management decisions. To understand the market and competitors and the tools that manager can use to monitor the changing business environment. And this is my brief report for 7 of 12 sessions of this Global Organization Environment course that I learnt. Environment of organizations form and purpose. The purpose of an organization is to accomplish the goals and objectives as indicated within the organizations vision statement and depends on its nature of the organization. If the aim of the organization is to get profit, then its main purpose is to earn money. To provide goods and services, employment, and satisfy the expectations of different cohorts of people. With organizations responsibility is: employee welfare, working condition, job design, pollution, advertising, employment community, If the organization is for non-profit, then its target is to satisfy customers or to relieve the public. The mission will be indicated how they plan on reaching those goals and objectives. When making strategic decisions about the organizations direction and scope, managers have to analyse the organizational purpose, vision and stakeholders expectation for the future. Each stakeholder group has personal and collective expectations of organization, but these expectations are likely to conflict, such as: growth versus profitability, growth versus independence, cost cutting versus jobs, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Stakeholders individually are unlikely to influence the strategy of an organization, but collectively because they share similar expectations they are likely to have a bigger effect. Stakeholders are not always equally powerful or interested in the strategy of the organization so will need to be prioritised. There are different types of organisation: Private Limited Company (Ltd.); Public Limited Company (plc); Partnership; Sole Trader; Co-operatives; Close Corporation; Joint Venture; Franchising; Public Corporation; Municipal Enterprises; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Understanding the Managerial Environment. Managers will need to evaluate the current context and trends of organisational strategic planning and operating, it includes the evaluation of local, regional political stability, government commitment to business, main economic indexes, labour force, technological development and availability, legal documents and finally environmental issues affecting business. With the results of analysis, managers are able to identify main opportunities and threats of their company. Opportunities are external factors which enable managers to enhance revenues or open markets, such as: new technologies, new markets and ideas, new technologies has helped businesses increase productivity and quality and reduce labor force through application of new technology, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Threats are those which can have bad influence on the organization such as: economic recession, oil shortages,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Managers responsibilities are to seek opportunities and avoid threats. Task environment are forces from suppliers, distributors, customers, and competitors. There are many forces that have deep influence on the company. These forces consist of wide economic, technological, demographic and similar issues which managers usually can not impact or control. Economic forces: affect the national economy and the organization. It refers to interest rate changes, unemployment rates, economic growth. When the economy is strong, people have better consumption ability which means they spend more on goods and services Technological forces: refer to skills and equipment used in design, production and distribution. These forces may lead to opportunities and threats to managers and often make products obsolete very quickly or can change the way managers manage them. Socio Cultural forces: Social and cultural forces are often linked together. Whilst meaningful distinctions between social and cultural factors can be made, in many ways they interact and the distinction between the various factors is not clear. Differences in language can alter the intended meaning of a promotional campaign and differences in the way a culture organizes itself socially may affect the way a product is positioned in the market and the benefits a consumer may seek from that product Demographic forces are changes in the nature, composition and diversity of a population and include gender, age, ethnic origin and so on. For instance, nowadays more and more women enter the workforce and even become high-ranked leaders. In many developed countries, the population is aging. Based on these demographic changes, it can be forecast that there will he high demand for health care and assistance for living. Besides, the company will be able to avoid more threats if managers can measure the complexity of the environment and the rate of environmental change. Environment complexity can be seen as the number and possible impacts of different forces in the environment. The more attention manager pay to forces with larger impact, the better opportunities the company may have. And it is easy to see that the bigger the organization, the greater number of forces managers must consider. This means, managers job will become more and more complex if there are more forces So what is the way to reduce environmental impacts? Managers can avoid many environmental threats by reducing number of forces. All levels of managers must have responsibility to minimize the potential impact of environmental forces. For example, line managers are responsible for reducing waste; middle managers are to oversee and evaluate competitors moves; top managers are responsible for the companys new strategy. In order to deal with changes, creating new organizational structures can be a suggestion to managers. In many companies, managers use specific departments to respond to each force. They also define specific functions of departments to create mechanistic or organic structures. Authority in mechanistic structure is centralized and roles are clearly specified. This kind of structure is better used in slowly changing environments. Authority in organic structure is decentralized and roles overlap, however, this feature helps organization have quick response to change. Manager must gain access to information needed to forecast future issues. If in-correct view of the environment, the forecast companys future will be wrong. Inter-organizational relations are that companies need alliances globally to best utilize resources. PESTLE is a framework for categorising the environment. It allows an in-depth analysis of external factors impacting on the organisation to take place. The outcome of this is twofold: Assess the Opportunities facing the company Assess the Threats facing the company. The main purpose of analyzing environment factors is to identify opportunities, threats. Businesses can reduce these risks and focus to exploit their businesss opportunities as well as strengths. I can determine a strategy for dealing with these anticipated changes. The result is that I become more pro-active and better prepared rather than having to react to a crisis. This process might be linked to the organizations strategic vision and the generation of potential scenarios. The Economy and the Role of Government. Any economy can be understood at the simple level as the interaction of two participants, consumers and producers. The Circular Flow of Income describes the operations of an economy; the consumers provide resources to firms for income, firms produce goods and services to consumers for margin. Income and margin are used to pay living and operating costs, taxes for government spending, investments for productive capacity, technological development and savings. Government plays the role of policy maker and referee, ensuring the achievement of economic and social goals of a society, including high rate of decent employment, stable economic growth, low rate of inflation, trade surplus. Government use fiscal policy (taxes and public spending) and monetary policy (money supply and interest rates) as major tools of macro-economic management. Fiscal policy is a tool for managing demand and is used in order to increase or decrease demand, if government wants to increase the demand, it may reduce taxes and/or increase spending, if it wants to reduce the demand, it will do the opposite. Government has lot challenges in achieving simultaneously all the economic goals, an increase in demand may create high inflation. Government also use monetary policy for macro-economic management, an increase in interest rates will increase saving, reduce consumption and reduce investment spending, and thus reduce inflation. The interest rates affect exchange rates and banks or investors will spend their energy and efforts just to trade the money and not the production. The European Environment. The rationale of reduction in trade barriers and mobility restrictions is for costumers rights protection, competitive and technological enhancement. The main benefits for countries in joining EU include access to a largest and fairly competitive market, with a safer and predictable environment for the business. Social protection for consumers, employees, producers, and the economy as a whole, supported by a powerful economy and sustainable resources, education, research and development,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The main challenges for EU enlargement includes different educational, technological, cultural, infrastructural and competitive level between countries, politics, human rights issues, especially the legacy of the Soviet economy. United Kingdom, Switzerland are considering their EMU member due to negative factors such as economic cycle, sovereignty issues, unique values, transition and employment costs. Understanding the Global Environment. Globalization has invoked extensive debate over its impact and credibility , giving rise to a number of perspectives . The area that permits people and different industries to focus on what they do best is competition , and global markets encourage efficiency on this area . It offers greater opportunity for industries to tap into more and larger markets around the world . Industries could now have access to more capital flows , technology , cheaper imports , and larger export markets .Industries are compelled to vie globally due to the competitive environment . The key globalisation drivers include politics, economics, market, costs and competition. Globalisation is bringing both opportunities and challenges to peoples. For competitive advantages in the global market, countries have to increase their political and social connections between peoples and states; firms need a good assessment of global costs. Globalisation allows firms not only to profit of better production factors, but also to gain market share or to access to growing market. Managers need to have strategic decisions on whether outsourcings, off-shoring or in-sourcing for costs advantages. Governments policy makers have to ensure the reasonable inequalities between rich and poor, the control of dominance and monopoly of biggest global firms, cultural degradation, global dependence and global crime. Market Structures and Industry Analysis. Monopolists are able to control both production and purchase rights. In a high competitive market, specialism and location allow operators control over price. In the oligopoly market, competition of non-price methods such as advertising and sales promotion is appropriate. But the greater competition makes companies more efficient and the consumer has a bigger choice of good and services, policy makers have to build rules for fair competitiveness and anti-monopolistic competition. I am able to interpret the Porters Five Forces (current competitors, new entrants, buyers power, substitutes, and suppliers power) to market and competitive analysis of my business. The results will be used to defining and positioning my business, including the development and implementation of key success factors. Delivering Customer Value and Managing Marketing Performance. Firms need an appropriate targeting strategy due to different needs of customers. Customer segmentation allows firms to critically analyse characteristics of customer groups for the provision of relevant services and goods. Appropriate promotions with segmentation approach help firms not only to save costs, but also to provide desirable products and enjoyable prices. A good understanding of existing and potential markets through assessing current and potential market attractiveness, evaluating company and competitors current and potential strengths and weaknesses in serving a particular market, allow firm to take competitive advantages. Company brands are built from knowledge, esteem, relevance and differentiation. I am using the gained knowledge from these sessions to develop my business strategy with demand-driven and non-price competitive approaches such as owner branding, expertise enhancing, attitude improving for differentiation and success. Difficult concepts and Improvement plans: Scenarios and scenario building are difficult concepts with me, the growing importance of scenarios is related to the increasing problems with forecasting, forecasting works well in times of stability, however, extrapolation of past trends and forecasting into the future becomes highly problematic in times of uncertainty, such as: with exchange rate we can not know exactly it tomorrow. And the session 12th is difficult as well, as it requires a manager how to monitor the changing of their business environment and how to deal more successfully with their operating conditions. Studying the future is not the ability to see the future, its the ability to walk away from part of the past. Gary Hamel, Harvard Business School. Scenario planning can be a powerful means for enhancing strategic planning within organizations. Scenario planning helps people articulate their mental models their perceptual limits to discover what opportunities and threats exist that they are currently failing to perceive And I agree with this, Experience has taught us that the scenario planning technique is much more conductive to forcing people to think about the future the forecasting techniques we formerly used. Andre Bernard, Managing Director, Royal Dutch/Shell. With my daily work, I will try my best to improve, from: Learning from doing my works. I am working with position is Head of Finance Planning Report and Budget Control in my company, I am building scenarios with my boss and colleague to my company and will learn from both success and failure. Further reading. More exchanges with friends and experts: Informal discussions, exchanges through emails, chats with them will enable me to gain more knowledge. Participation in short course with Viet-sourcing to improve my knowledge.

Essay --

The past 20 years, there has been progress in the education of women from Muslim countries in science and technology but there is still a long way to go. In the words of Kofi Annan, as he launched a U.N global initiative earlier five year ago to educate girls, â€Å"Let us prove that a society which empowers its women is a society sure to succeed.† There was many data that I had collected within my research on Muslim women having right’s to an education. My resources consisted of books, such as â€Å"The Rights of Women in Islam: An Authentic Approach† by Haifaa A. Jawad. I collected data from Hadiths and The Quran. The Quran is the Holy book of Islam that contains the words of Allah (god), and the Hadith is a collection of the traditional sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad. Also, I collected some data from articles such as â€Å"Viewpoint Dialogue to Bridge the Gap: The Challenges of Women in Islam† by Ambassador Sallama Shaker, â€Å"Muslim Women and Higher Education: Identities, Experiences, and Prospects† by Dr. David The rights to an education are completely different from the rights the women have in Sudan. Many of the young Muslim girls are getting married at such young ages and have to drop out of their school to raise their family. Some of these women go back and try to finish their education they already started. Some don’t even bother to go back to school because they are too busy with their, kids and their husbands, too. In Yemen, they could not afford to teach the boys and the girls in separate rooms, so they teach them in one classroom altogether. On BBC, they were talking about Muslim girls struggling in education. In Jordan, â€Å"enrolment is excellent at 86 percent - however, girls drop out in secondary school because of early ... ... aren’t looked down upon like they were use they are raking charge of the world I believe the next 20 years to come we might see a females being more dominant than males in today’s society if things continue the way they are. In more recent years women from the Muslim countries are taking charge of their lives they were fighting for their right’s to drive cars and educate themselves just like men do they want to be leaders of the world all they need is for those who belittler them to step out of the way in order to have the freedom of doing anything that they want to achieve their goals to make their dreams come true. Now Islam gives everyone the right to do whatever they want in the branch of education, but the cultures we have and the life styles we live by are what is affecting the lack of education in Muslim women but in years to come that shall change as well.

What is life without ignorance? :: essays research papers

What is life without Suffering? We all suffer from being ignorant. Is it possible to end your ignorance? According to the Buddhist theory it is. It is possible to end your ignorance and all personal desire to eventually become enlightened and reach Nirvana, which is utter peace. Ending your ignorance will in turn end suffering. The Buddha taught that there were many natural occurrences that led up to ignorance and that we all are capable of liberating ourselves from. It is true that we all have desires that our unmet and it causes problems in our lives. It is also true that the world is full of hunger, war, death, and over all misery and pain. But what would our world be without problems. If we all were enlightened and free of all our ignorance then our lives and world would be incredibly boring and uneventful. We don’t like having problems and challenges but our lives are about working through problems and overcoming and learning. Ignorance does cause many problems but knowing everything about our world can often bring you down instead of up. Losing ignorance is very important in maturing and evolving as a person but losing your ignorance is not the end to all your suffering. There is no end to suffering, there are breaks but there is no end. According to the bandits theory life is full of misery and pain. Everything we have and want brings some sort of pain to our lives. We fear losing what we have and we always want more. Buddhists believe we all are born with this feeling and that we all cling to objects in this world for enjoyment. We all have a lot of natural desires because we are all human beings with brains, senses, and feelings. All of this makes us get impressions of what we want, what we want to be, and what we think should happen. This causes us all to have some ignorance to many different things and ideas. It is correct that our lives are full of misery and pain. We also are all ignorant, but having ignorance and some suffering in your life is what makes our world what it is, it is what makes our lives interesting. The problems and obstacles that we have in our lives help us change and help us grow. If you eliminate all of your problems and all your desires, what do you have to live for?

Females and Technology :: Computers Electronics Learning Essays

With technology rapidly changing as fast as we blink our eyes, it is important for people to learn as much as possible about the computer world if they want to maintain a decent lifestyle because the world we live in revolving around those technologies. As McKee points out, â€Å"most jobs now require intelligence and technical skill† (1). Each year, there is something either added or modified to computers, which forces people to learn computer literacy at a steady pace. While some love computers, others despise them. When comparing people’s attitudes towards computers, statistics show a gender gap that proves most females’ attitudes are drastically different from the attitudes of males. Several studies prove that women not only lack an interest in technology, but they also chose not to enroll in computer classes. Since computers and technology play an enormous role in the world today, more technology professionals are needed. It is extremely important for more w omen to become knowledgeable in these areas. Swain and Harvey argue, â€Å"This technology gender gap is affecting half our population and causing it to be unprepared to contribute to the demands of a high-tech twenty-first century† (17). While this may not seem like a serious issue to some, it is an issue that will ultimately lead to a bigger problem if not handled immediately. So why are there so few women in the technology field? To answer that question, I must first find out why are there so few women in the technology and computer classes, considering that this atmosphere is the most common place where the interest for computers is born. The purpose of my research is to examine the shortage of females in the technology field. I will also research reasons why females chose not to take computer classes. I will support my theory with several examples from various studies. Furthermore, I will give several strategies that can be beneficial to female students and possibly increase the number of females in future computer classes. By the end of my research, the goal of encouraging young women who are interested in the technology field to pursue technology and succeed in the computer classes and world. This research will help me attempt to motivate other female students to at least gain more confidence and enough courage to learn more about the technological world we live in today. REASONS FEMALES MAY AVOID COMPUTERS AND TECH CLASSES

Leadership and domestic politics

IntroductionScholars in political sciences frequently argue on the power of separate groups and leaders in their strivings towards hegemony, as well as their role in creating politics in general (Jacobsen 1996; Hermann & Hagan, 1998). As a result, what we read in works on politics is often contradictory and sometimes arguable. When we speak about the striving of certain political leaders to hijack their domestic politics for the sake of creating an empire, we should first analyze whether any politics can be called domestic. Consequentially, the possibility of separate political groups breaking the power of leaders should be analyzed through the prism of the three major political theories: realist, constructivist, and liberal. As a result, we will acquire a set of clear unbiased notions on the basis of which we will be able to come to relevant conclusions as for the possibility of creating a political empire through hijacking domestic politics (if we prove these exist).The discussion of the current subject should possible be started with the analysis of political domesticity, and the role of domestic politics (states, leaders) through the prism of political realism.â€Å"Realism relies for its explanatory power upon disproportionate enfranchisement of diplomatic elites. An enfranchised actor in two-level games is one who is privileged to participate in the ratification process of an agreement or whose consent is required to implement it.† (Jacobsen 1996, p. 97)This statement can be interpreted from the two different viewpoints: on the one hand, realist theory supports the power of separate political groups in decision-making; on the other hand, realist theory seems to deny the power of separate political formation in their strivings towards creating political empire. Certainly, the politics which have the full right to participate in multifaceted political processes do not objectively have the need to hijack their strong positions within the political dec ision-making structures. However, when we suggest that domestic politics can be hijacked for the sake of creating an empire, can this statement be relevant? Objectively, it cannot as long as the fact of politics being domestic is irrelevant.This can be assumed not merely on the basis of rapid globalization process within political environment. International forces currently appear stronger than those of separate states. â€Å"Brazil resisted American threats to its computer policies, while the European Union quickly capitulated to the U.S. in agricultural issues.† (Jacobsen 1996, p. 99) As a result, international issues often prevail over those which were traditionally supposed â€Å"domestic†. Of course, domesticity of politics is not totally lost, as inner-state decision-making agents still analyze the events at the international political arena and process them before these are delivered to the masses. Yet, not a single politics can longer separate it from being an international political player. The world political situation leads us to the thought that â€Å"states operate simultaneously at domestic and international levels and want to maximize benefits in one domain to enhance their positions in the other† (Jacobsen 1996, p. 101). Thus, not a single politics in the globalized political processes can characterized as being domestic.Thus, we have come to conclusion that the first part of the discussed question is at least irrelevant. However, and probably surprisingly, this does not mean that the whole assumption is politically meaningful. Continuing the line of political realism we should also have a look at separate political players, who may have claims at creating political empire. In this sense, does leadership still matter or is there any chance that it will be neglected to create political hegemony of certain political groups?While Jacobsen (1996) asserts that the domestic structure of states is extremely vague and depends solel y on how political leaders interpret external events for the benefit of their position, this viewpoint also leads us to the thought that leadership should also be viewed through the international prism. Leadership as domestic political phenomenon loses its relevance as soon as we return to the discussion of domesticity as meaningless in the global political structure. In connection to political realism, leadership still matters.â€Å"Leaders define states’ international and domestic constraints. Based on their perceptions and interpretations, they build expectations, plan strategies, and urge actions on their governments that conform with their judgments about what is possible and likely to maintain them in their positions† (Hermann & Hagan 1998, p. 126).Thus, to follow the provisions of political realism, and to remain within the limits of leadership framework, it is rather difficult to assert whether separate groups will hijack various policies to create political em pire. The fact is that their power in conquering hegemonic position will depend on the number of factors. First, the power of groups depends on the power of the leader: when groups seek to determine whose position in the foreign policy matter, they simultaneously determine the power of leader’s policy. Upon the leader’s inability to find consensus with the groups, these groups will in turn search for consensus between themselves; as a result, this cohesiveness will produce the so-called â€Å"groupthink†, and will cause â€Å"premature closure around options preferred by the more powerful policymakers† (Herman & Hagan 1998, p. 127).Second, the opportunity of the certain political groups to hijack the leader’s policy for the sake of creating an empire will depend on the importance of question to be resolved as a result of this attack. Within the lack of domesticity, and the globalized political processes, an unlimited number of political groups can exist, which will have the power in foreign decision making due to their expertise or official position (Herman & Hagan 1998, p. 128).Again, it will depend both on the power of these groups and the power of the higher political structures, whether those groups will be capable of breaking the existing political regime towards empire. However, when we speak about the lack of political domesticity and the growing globalization of political decision-making, we can also mean that the notion of political empire is far less meaningful than it could be in other political conditions. Yet, the meaning of leadership and the meaning of political groups vs. leadership has not lost its meaning.The striving of separate political groups towards creating empire is rather vague and inconsistent within the notions of political constructivism. Traditionally, political constructivism was based on the importance of political norms and the importance of following these norms as based on public reason. Whe n we accept the fact of existing political hierarchy, in which leaders and political groups may find themselves in political conflict, and in which the latter may hijack the former to create an empire, we have to accept the possibility that both will come to a reasonable consensus and would act according to the mutually agreed norms.â€Å"Everything depends then for the constructivist on whether there is a rich enough level of consensus to arrive at a shared understanding of the reasonable to enable us to arrive at a shared understanding of the justice† (Stephan 2004, p. 207). It is expected, that in the environment of political consensus between the leader and the groups, the groups would have no stimuli to hijack the existing political stability for the sake of the unstable empire. The striving of political groups towards power in constructivist theory is weak and meaningless as long as political constructivism is connected with pluralism (Stephan 2004, p. 209). Surely, pol itical scholars may interpret pluralism as causing possible risk to the power of leaders; however it is more possible that numerous norms and groups will compromisingly co-exist in the global political environment without breaking its balance.Political liberalism as the tool of analyzing the political power of groups vs. leaders is even more interesting. As constructivism, liberalism is connected with pluralism, but its pluralism is different and seems to be more problematic in the striving of groups to power. First of all, liberalism initially treats governments as politically neutral powers. As a result, the power of social groups acquired additional meaning and literally turns into a threat for government in their political strivings. Moreover, the pluralism which political liberalism treats seems to be more negative than positive within the current discussion.This means that liberal pluralism risks creating identity-wars within various political formations (Rawls 1995, p. 100). As a result, liberal thought is the closest to supporting the idea of political groups hijacking the power of political leaders. Simultaneously, even in this light the chance that political groups would strive to break the existing political regime, are vague due to the stable universalism of humanist ideas, to which liberal groups keep. In this sense the liberal view of the discussed question reminds that of political constructivism.It is important to note that in the global political environment, liberal political cultures are frequently positioned as those opposed to non-liberal cultures. As a result, there are significant risks of political conflicts and the desire of either liberal or non-liberal groups to obtain the power by hijacking the opposed regime. in this aspect liberal thought can be closely connected with the realist provisions: this will depend on the power of leaders, the importance of the questions to be resolved, and the ability of the groups to come to political consensus, whether they will attack the existing political regimes. As a result, we return to the thought that we cannot definitely accept the viewpoint that groups will hijack the policy of their states or groups of states to create an empire.ConclusionWe have thus come to conclusion that politics can hardly be domestic. In the light politics being closer to transnational, groups will hardly strive for hijacking narrower policies for the sake of creating an empire. This statement is justified by the realistic variety of factors (the power of state leadership, the importance of the question to be resolved, and the rivalry between groups). Political constructivism tends to observe groups as existing in consensus, and thus being deprived of motives to hijack their political stability. However, when liberal players are positioned against non-liberal players we return to the realist view of political groups, when their striving to break the existing political regime is very vague and ca n be determined only by a wide range of political stability factors.ReferencesHermann, M.G. & Hagan, J.D. (1998). International decision making: Leadership matters.Foreign Policy 110 (Special edition), 124-137.Jacobsen, J.K. (1996). Review: Are all politics domestic? Perspectives on the integration ofcomparative politics and international relations theories. Comparative Politics 29 (1), pp. 93-115.Rawls, J. (1995). Political liberalism. Columbia University Press.Stephan, H. (2004). Constructivism in international relations: The politics of reality. In M.Zehfuss, Constructivism in international relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 202-218.