Keystone XL Pipeline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Keystone XL Pipeline - Essay Example Despite the probable environmental impact it acts as the best safe alternative for shipping oil sands crude. Apart from its probable impact on the environment, the project bears major impact on the economy thereby making it a subject to economic debaters. Major economic impacts include effect on the cash flows and job claims. An analysis on the economic and environmental impacts of the project makes it less feasible for implementation. The following are the pros and cons associated. The Keystone XL provides a safer alternative for transporting sands crude thereby making the proposers to conclude on the environmental friendliness. Even though many environmentalist have argued against the environmental friendliness of the project, the study done by the State Department shows that it is better to have the project that the environmental significance of the project are far more valuable than when it is rejected. Whether in the absence or presence of the Keystone XL, there still will be higher production of the oil sands. This implies that there would be need for a railway to transport the crude oil in case the Keystone pipeline is not built. Considering the far much impacts which could transpire because of the recent high profile crude-by-rail accidents, Keystone XL is the most suitable alternative for transporting oils sands with lesser impacts on the environment. Intuitively, there is need to build the pipeline since it assures of reducing the environmental impact s which could result from use of railway (Chang, 9). Economically, the project proves viable in increasing the cash flows of the national economy and the overall number of investors in the country. Usually, pipeline is a source of steady and stable cash flows as compare to any other means of transport. In this case, a country has to consider the volume of oil to be transported and the immediate returns from the project. For the TRP, the owners of the

Are immunities of senior state officials applicable to jus cogens Essay

Are immunities of senior state officials applicable to jus cogens violations - Essay Example As such, the question whether acts of State officials are applicable to violations of jus cogens is necessary to be tackled in the light of several cases decided by the International Court of Justice (ICJ for brevity) and in recent times, by the International Criminal Court (ICC) under the Rome Statute. It is well to be emphasized at the outset that under the present generally accepted principles of international law, heads of states and senior state officials are not exempted from the responsibility in the international community for international crimes. 1 Any controversy that may emerge would fall under the jurisdictional question relating to the procedural aspect of the law. Hence, in this paper, several cases would be cited particularly those which sparked heated debates among scholars and imminent jurist in international law. At this juncture, it is worthy to mention the two principles of immunities under international law which are immunity ratione personae and ratione materiae. The former being attributed to the person and it follows him wherever he may be, and for his conduct which may be official or not. The latter on the other hand pertains to immunity which is necessarily included in the conduct of a head of state and senior state officials which relates to their offici al functions as representative of his or her State. It is then important to take a look at the history of state immunity and discern how it evolved over time. The Evolution of State Immunity Between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the doctrine of foreign state was regarded as absolute since foreign states were recognized as having the privilege of complete immunity from another forum's jurisdiction. By the early twentieth century, after World War I, Allied nations adopted a limited approach to immunity to address the complexity of the growing participation of states in global trade. Thus, the concept of acta jure imperii, wherein a state's conduct which are governmental in nature were acknowledged as having full immunity, and acta jure gestionis, wherein commercial or private acts of states that deals with trade are not endowed with immunity. 2 Thus, if the act falls under the category of acta jure imperii, full immunity is accorded to state officials. However, for those falling under commercial ventures or otherwise termed as acta jure gestionis, a state may be sued for breach of contract along with the concerned state official. On the other hand, as the world shrunk, so to speak, violations of fundamental human rights have been discovered and made public. These violations are apart from the ones which were the cause of wars between nations. Several jurists, commentators and heads of states argued that there should at least be an impartial tribunal which would render judgment upon persons accused of war and crimes against humanity. The concept of state immunity was thus regarded as applicable only to those acts of states which do not transgress norms which are regarded as necessary to attain order in the international community. Consequently, several statutes were enacted and tribunals were established precisely to address the growing concern of the states about serious violations of peremptory norms, from which violators would only invoke state immunity to avoid punishment. At present, State immunity is not regarded as an absolute state right under the international law. Instead, state immunity

Assignment #3 480 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

#3 480 - Assignment Example Knowledge: HRD practitioner should portray that is knowledgeable. He or she must portray the knowledge of overcoming special challenges that are common in the working environment, carrying out complicated tasks, as well as understanding the process of change in the working environment. Additionally, HRD practitioner should have a good understanding of job learning strategies as well as management strategies (Hytonen, 2002). Task: The tasks of HRD practitioner are diverse. They range from training colleagues in an organization to being active in seminars. It is also the responsibility of HRD practitioner to enhance team work, provide internal consultancy, mentor other workers, and coach other employees. Apart from advocating job rotation, HRD practitioner also facilitates the success of special projects and carries out special assignments and excursions (Hytonen, 2002). Additionally, it is the responsibility of the HRD practitioner to ensure that an organization’s objectives have been achieved. He or she achieve these enhancing social interactions between colleagues and customers, as well as maintaining and developing the knowledge and skills of people working in his or her organization. Hytonen T. (2002). Exploring the Practice of Human Resource Development as a Field of Professional Expertise. Retrieved

Resistance to Change Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Resistance to Change - Research Paper Example Robbin (2005) highlights, that one of the causes of organizational resistance to change is structural inertia. In organizations, there are structures, which are built to ensure stability of the firm such as recruitment, training and selection structures etc. these structures are used systematically in the organization to achieve desired goals. When change is introduced in the organization, these structures can inhibit or cause resistance to change so that they can sustain previous stability in the organization (Robbins, 2005). Secondly, group resistance can also cause organizational resistance to change, considering they are made of groups of employees who have norms and cultures, and they can inhibit change in the organization. If people are organized in groups, then any change made by the organization can be resisted because members have influence on each other. The third cause of resistance to change is the threat of established management and power structures in the organization (Sadhu, 2009). There are groups in the organization, which controls the flow of resources, and they might see change as a threat to their power hence resisting the change. These groups are normally comfortable with current situations in organizations and any attempts of change can be resisted with ease because they control the resources and power. Lastly, poor communications in the organization can cause resistance to change